“The arrival of George Ellery Hale, and the advent of Mount Wilson Observatory, represent the most critical moment in the history of astronomy, since Galileo and the telescope first went to work. It is the critical moment where the old, classical astronomy, of orbits and timekeeping, gave way to astrophysics and cosmology, and quite literally, the discovery of the universe. I will review the history, technology, and science, born at Mount Wilson Observatory, that made it all possible.”